Saturday, March 29, 2014

Supreme Being

The end part of the handwritten Adi granth, by...
The end part of the handwritten Adi granth, by Pratap Singh Giani, located on the first floor of Harmandir Sahib (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Christianity
In Christian theology, the term Supreme Being is used to refer to God.[6] Although mostly used specifically as a reference to God the Father, it can be used to refer to Christ or the Christian Trinity of Father, Son and Holy Spirit.[7]
Hinduism
Main article: Ishvara
In Hinduism the ultimate truth is called Para Brahman. And that Supreme truth is manifested as Vishnu and Shiva. In the Vaishnavite traditions of Hinduism, the term is applied to Vishnu/Krishna.[8][9] In the Shaiva tradition of Hinduism, Shiva is referred to as the "Supreme Being".
Islam
Islamic scholars have used the term Supreme Being to refer to Allah, Arabic for "The God".[10]
Sikhism
The holy scripture of the Sikhs, Guru Granth Sahib, uses terms that are sometimes translated as "Supreme Being". Sikhs personally use Waheguru, or the term Ek Omkar, meaning "One God."
Deism
 Festival of the Supreme Being, 8 June 1794 Paris

Deists use the term Supreme Being to refer to the Divine. Following the French Revolution, the Cult of the Supreme Being was intended to become the state religion of the new French Republic.[11]
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Sarav viāpak

Sikh (Khanda) USVA emblem 36
Sikh (Khanda) USVA emblem 36 (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
In Sikhism, Sarav viāpak (literally "all-prevading god") is the omnipresence of God; since Sikhs hold to be without form, shape colour, etc., they see God as present in every living being in Universe.[1]
Sikhism holds that creation is neither ex nihilo nor from materials lying outside God; it is the result of divine self-revelation by God. God has revealed or manifested himself in the form of the world. But God's being is not exhausted in this world alone, it goes beyond this world.

In Sikhism, creation is fully real. Because God is real, and the world is the expression of God, so it is also fully real.
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Process theology

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, a philosopher who ...
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, a philosopher who trained as a paleontologist and geologist (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Process theology is a type of theology developed from Alfred North Whitehead's (1861–1947) process philosophy, most notably by Charles Hartshorne (1897–2000) and John B. Cobb (b. 1925). Process theology and process philosophy are collectively referred to as "process thought." Process theology is unrelated to the Process Church.
For both Whitehead and Hartshorne, it is an essential attribute of God to affect and be affected by temporal processes, an idea that conflicts with traditional forms of theism that hold God to be in all respects non-temporal (eternal), unchanging (immutable), and unaffected by the world (impassible). Process theology does not deny that God is in some respects eternal, immutable, and impassible, but it contradicts the classical view by insisting that God is in some respects temporal, mutable, and passible.[1]
Although process theologians all share certain similarities (particularly a stress on becoming over being and on relationality), there continue to be ongoing debates within the field on the nature of God, the relationship of God and the world, and immortality.

Construed in a wide sense, process theology might be understood to refer to all forms of theology that, for the metaphysical foundation of existence, look to creative activity rather than passive matter, and to evolutionary becoming rather than changeless enduring. Such a construal would include, for example, the theology of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, or theology influenced by Hegel.[2][3] Nevertheless, the term is generally understood as referring to the Whiteheadian/Hartshornean school.
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Philo's view of God

(Philo "Judaeus") von Alexandreia/Ph...
(Philo "Judaeus") von Alexandreia/Philo(n) of Alexandria (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Philo (c.30 BCE – c.50 CE) was a leading writer of the Hellenistic Jewish community in Alexandria, Egypt. He wrote expansively in Koine Greek on the intersection of philosophy, politics, and religion in his time, specifically he explored the connections between Greek Platonic philosophy and late Second Temple Judaism. For example, he maintained that the Septuagint (the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible and additional books) and Jewish law (which was still being developed by the rabbis in this period) are a blueprint for the pursuit of individual enlightenment.
Philo interpreted the stories of the Pentateuch (first five books) as elaborate metaphors and symbols. He did not reject the subjective experience of ancient Judaism; yet, he repeatedly explained that the Septuagint cannot be understood as a concrete, objective history. Philo was largely shaped by contemporary Greek philosophy. For example, he explained that ideal Greek forms for reason and wisdom illustrated the deep, mystical truth of God and Judaism.
Philo stated his theology both through the negation of opposed ideas, and through detailed, positive explanations of the nature of God. In his negative statement, he contrasted the nature of God with the nature of the physical world. He integrated select theology from the rabbinic tradition, including God's sublime transcendence,[1] and man's inability to behold an ineffable God.[2] However, he significantly disagreed with the theology that God actively changes the world, is filled with zeal, is moved by repentance, and aids his chosen people.

Philo did not consider God similar to heaven, the world, or man; his God existed neither in time nor space and had no human attributes or emotions. He argued that God has no attributes (ἁπλοῡς), in consequence no name (ἅρρητος), and for that reason he cannot be perceived by man (ἀκατάληπτος). Further, God cannot change (ἅτρεπτος): He is always the same (ἀἱδιος). He needs no other being (χρήζων ὁυδενòς τò παράπαν), and is self-sufficient (ἑαυτῷ ἱκανός). God can never perish (ἅφθαρτος). He is the simply existent (ó ὤν, τὸ ὅν), and has no relations with any other being (τὸ γὰρ ἢ ὄν ἒστιν ουχὶ τῶν πρός τι).
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Phenomenological definition of God

English: Tibetan endless knot Nederlands: Tibe...
English: Tibetan endless knot Nederlands: Tibetaanse Oneindige knoop (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
The philosopher Michel Henry defines God in a phenomenological point of view. He says: "God is Life, he is the essence of Life, or, if we prefer, the essence of Life is God. Saying this we already know what is God, we know it not by the effect of a learning or of some knowledge, we don’t know it by the thought, on the background of the truth of the world; we know it and we can know it only in and by the Life itself. We can know it only in God." (I Am the Truth. Toward a Philosophy of Christianity).
This Life is not biological life defined by objective and exterior properties, nor an abstract and empty philosophical concept, but the absolute phenomenological life, a radically immanent life which possesses in it the power of showing itself in itself without distance, a life which reveals permanently itself. A manifestation of oneself and a self-revelation which doesn’t consist in the fact of seeing outside of oneself or of perceiving the exterior world, but in the fact of feeling and of feeling oneself, of experiencing in oneself its own inner and affective reality.
As Michel Henry says also in this same book, "God is that pure Revelation that reveals nothing other than itself. God reveals Himself. The Revelation of God is his self-revelation". God is in himself revelation, he is the primordial Revelation that tears everything from nothingness, a revelation which is the pathetic self-revelation and the absolute self-enjoyment of Life. As John says, God is love, because Life loves itself in an infinite and eternal love.
Michel Henry opposes to the notion of creation, which is the creation of the world, the notion of generation of Life. The creation of the world consists in the opening of this exteriority horizon where every thing becomes visible. Whereas Life never stops to generate itself and to generate all the livings in its radical immanence, in its absolute phenomenological interiority that is without gap nor distance.
As we are living and by consequence generated continually by the infinite Life of God, as he never stops to give us life, and as we never cease of being born into the eternal present of life by the action in us of this absolute Life, God is for Christianity our Father and we are its beloved Sons, the Sons of the living God. This doesn’t only mean that he has created us at the time of our conception or at the beginning of the world, but that he never stops to generate us permanently into Life, that he is always at work in us in the least of our subjective impressions.
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Personal god

Symbol of the three Abrahamic religions.
Symbol of the three Abrahamic religions. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
A personal god is a deity who can be related to as a person[1] instead of as an impersonal force, such as the Absolute, "the All", or the "Ground of Being".
In the scriptures of the Abrahamic religions, God is described as being a personal creator, speaking in the first person and showing emotion such as anger and pride, and sometimes appearing in anthropomorphic shape.[2] In the Pentateuch, for example, God talks with and instructs his prophets and is conceived as possessing volition, emotions (such as anger, grief and happiness), intention, and other attributes characteristic of a human person. Personal relationships with God may be described in the same ways as human relationships, such as a Father, as in Christianity, or a Friend as in Sufism.[3]

A 2008 survey by the Pew Research Center reported that, of U.S. adults, 60% view that "God is a person with whom people can have a relationship," while 25% believe that "God is an impersonal force."[4] A 2008 survey by the National Opinion Research Center reports that 67.5% of U.S. adults believe in a personal god.[5]
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Pandeism

Weinstein image 03 (p 108)
Weinstein image 03 (p 108) (Photo credit: Pandeism)
Pandeism (or pan-deism) is a theological doctrine which combines aspects of pantheism and deism.[1] It holds that the creator of the universe actually became the universe, and so ceased to exist as a separate and conscious entity.[2][3][4][5] Pandeism is proposed to explain, as it relates to deism, why God would create a universe and then abandon it,[6] and as to pantheism, the origin and purpose of the universe.[6][7]

The word pandeism is a hybrid blend of the root words pantheism and deism, combining Ancient Greek: πᾶν pan “all” with Latin: deus which means "god". It was perhaps first coined in the present meaning in 1859 by Moritz Lazarus and Heymann Steinthal.[8]
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